Prince Rainier III (1923-2005) Rainier’s mother, Princess Charlotte, was actually illegitimate. Her father Louis II, getting older and with no legitimate children, legitimized her and made her his heir. She never took the throne, and in fact renounced her rights to her son, Rainier, the day before his 21st birthday.
Rainier became the Sovereign Prince of Monaco upon the death of his grandfather in 1949.
During WW2, Rainier served in the Free French Army. During the 40s and 50s he was in a long term relationship with the French film actress Gisele Pascal. Rainier’s sister, Princess Antoinette, wanted her own son to ascend to the throne, and spread rumors that Pascal was infertile. The rumors along with her treatment by the press and public ended their relationship.
After the war Monaco, a country who made its money primarily as a gambling origin, was in crisis as wealthy Europeans found their funds diminished after the war. To restore Monaco’s treasury Rainier decided to promote Monaco as a tax haven, and he personally took control of SBM (the company who owns the Monte Carlo Casino, Opera, and Hostel de Paris) in 1964. Prince Albert still retains a large share of the company and profits from it today.
Marriage: Everyone knows this one. Rainier married American film star Grace Kelly in 1956.
Their marriage is rumored to have been turbulent. It is said that Grace struggled with adjusting to royal life, regretted ending her film career, and that Rainier had extramarital affairs. Her children have stated that though she was a loving mother, they spent more time with nannies than with their parents.
Grace's dress is iconic,
but here you go if you want to revisit some photos from that day. Rainier smoked up to 60 cigarettes per day, and in the last years of his life his health steadily declined. On March 8th, 2005 he entered the hospital for a lung infection and by the end of the month he was on a ventilator suffering from renal and heart failure. On March 31st he officially announced his son Albert, as regent, and on April 6th he died.
The Constitution Monaco’s constitution stated that Monaco is a constitutional monarchy ruled by the hereditary princes of the Grimaldi. If the reigning prince were to die without leaving a male heir, Monaco, according to the treaty, would be incorporated into France. In 2002, realizing he had a 43 year old bachelor son, Rainier amended the constitution to allow the crown to pass to his daughters should Albert not marry.
Grace, Princess of Monaco (1929-1982) Grace was born in Philadelphia to an affluent and influential family. Her father was an Olympian and a Democratic nominee for Mayor of Philadelphia and was appointed by President Roosevelt as National Director of Physical Fitness. Her mother taught physical education at the University of Pennsylvania and coached women’s athletics at Penn.
Her Uncle, George Kelly, was a Pulitzer prize winning dramatist, screenwriter, and director and used his influence to gain Grace admission to the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in New York. Grace became one of the biggest movie stars of her generation.
In 1955 she was sent to the Cannes Film Festival and invited to appear in photos with Prince Rainier. After a year-long courtship, they were married in 1956.
Grace was not allowed to continue her acting career after her marriage. She instead devoted herself to her role as Princess, become heavily involved with the Red Cross of Monaco and the Rainbow Children Coalition.
On September 13, 1982, Kelly was driving back to Monaco after spending time at her country home. During the drive she had a stroke, lost control of her vehicle, and drove off the mountainside. She died a day later.
An article on their relationship Prince Albert II (b. 1958) Prince Albert is one of the wealthiest royals in the world with a net worth at more than $1B. He attended Amherst College in Massachusetts, studying political science, economics, music, and English literature, and completed his education with a Bachelor of Arts degree in Political Science. He toured Europe in 1979 as part of the Amherst College Glee Club.
Albert competed in the bobsleigh for five consecutive Winter Olympics on behalf of Monaco, and was their flag bearer at the 1988, 1994, and 1998 Olympics. He is also a judo black belt.
He became Prince of Monaco when his father died in 2005.
Marriage: Prior to his marriage his status as a bachelor was a hot topic of discussion. He was known to date well-known fashion models and actresses, however at age 53 had never married. It was rumored that Albert was gay, something he expressed great frustration with in the press. In 2006 he attended the opening ceremony of the Torino Olympics with South African swimmer Charlene Wittstock. They were engaged in 2010, and married in 2011.
There are rumors that Charlene tried to flee the country the day before their wedding. It is reported that the future bride, after discovering Albert may have fathered yet another child during their relationship, attempted to flee as many as three times before their wedding, however was always intercepted at the airport. It is also said she attempted to seek refuge at the South African embassy, and that officials in Monaco ended up hiding her passport so she could not leave the country.
Moreover, during their wedding, Charlene openly cried at parts, and Prince Albert was caught on camera begging her to kiss him. Honestly, she looked pretty miserable the whole time.
The palace has denied all of these claims. During their honeymoon,
they stayed in separate hotels Here's everything you ever needed to know about their wedding Watch it Prince Albert is passionate about the environment and an avid sportsman. Prince Albert speaks French, English, German, and Italian.
He speaks English with basically no accent thanks to his American mother. Illegitimate Children In 2005, the day before Prince Rainier died, Albert publicly acknowledged he had fathered a son out of wedlock. In 2006, he confirmed he had also fathered a daughter. These children were barred from the line of inheritance because of a 2002 constitutional amendment requiring an heir’s parents to be married.
Alexandre (b. 2003) Alexandre’s mother (Nicole Coste) was a flight attendant for Air France and met Prince Albert when he was a passenger on a flight. He asked for her number, the beginning of a years-long affair. The relationship ended at the insistence of Prince Rainier. Albert visited Alexandre and Nicole often, however when he refused to acknowledge Alexandre publicly, Nicole sold an interview and pictures to the media. Albert was in mourning for his father and made no public comment, but later did acknowledge paternity. Alexandre and Nicole live in France at an estate given to them by Albert.
Jazmin (b. 1992) Jazmin’s mother, Tamara, met Albert while working as a waitress. Albert knew of Jazmin and visited her, however did not acknowledge her publicly until she was in high school to protect her identity. In 2006 the French magazine Voici published photographs of Jazmin and her mother on a visit to Monaco, outing her as Albert’s daughter. She has attended events with Albert and Charlene, and is listed as a sponsor for her father’s royal foundation.
An interview with Jazmin Princess Charlene (b. 1978) Born in Zimbabwe, Charlene’s family relocated to South Africa in 1989. She represented South Africa at the 2000 Sydney Olympics, finished fifth in the 4x100 meter relay.
Albert and Charlene met at the Mare Nostrum swimming competition in Monaco in 2000, however were not seen together until 2006.
Charlene converted to Roman Catholicism for her wedding, and has learned French and Monegasque after her move to Monaco. She is an ambassador for the Special Olympics, patron of the South African Red Cross, and is passionate about sport.
In recent news, she completed “the crossing” water bike challenge, a 180 kilometer water bike race for charity. An interview with Charlene and Albert on the 1st birthday of their twins Albert and Charlene have 2 children:
Hereditary Prince Jacques *twin* (b. 2014) Princess Gabriella *twin* (b. 2014) Gabriella was born 2 minutes before her brother, however because of the constitution her brother will inherit the throne. They are super sweet together and you see them at events often.
Princess Caroline of Hanover (b. 1957) Caroline is the eldest child of Rainier and Grace Kelly, however because of the constitution her brother, Albert, sits on the throne of Monaco. She served as de facto first lady of Monaco until the marriage of Albert and Charlene.
Until the birth of her niece and nephew she was heir presumptive to the throne, although she had only held that title since 2005 after the change of the constitution to include female heirs.
Caroline received her French baccalaureat in 1974, and received a degree in Philosophy from Sorbonne University. She is fluent in French, English, Spanish, German, and Italian. Her hobbies include horseback riding, swimming, and skiing.
Marriages: - Marriage 1: Philippe Junot
Married Phillippe, a Parisian banker, in 1978. The couple divorced in 1980 with no children.
- Marriage 2: Stefano Casiraghi
Married Stefano in 1983, the sportsman heir to an Italian industrial fortune. The two had to marry in a civil ceremony rather than a religious ceremony because Caroline, a Catholic, was divorced. Caroline was 3 months pregnant at the time of their wedding.
They have three children:
- Andrea Casiraghi (1984)
- Charlotte Casiraghi (1986)
- Pierre Casiraghi (b. 1987)
Note: The Casiraghi’s are all very beautiful and very fashionable but I don’t want to go much into them here because they are so far down the line of succession. They’re fun to follow for their fashion if you have the time to check them out.
- Marriage 3: Prince Ernst August of Hanover
Married Ernst August, a Prince, in 1999. They have one daughter, Princess Alexandra.
Caroline is thus a Princess twice-over, through her family and through her husband. She and Ernst August have been separated since 2009 however are still legally married, thus she retains the title of Princess Caroline of Hanover.
Read about all of her weddings here See her speaking in English around 12:00 here Princess Stephanie (b. 1965) Stephanie was in the vehicle with her mother when Grace died. She suffered a fracture of the neck.
She has studied classical dance and piano, and competed in gymnastics and horse riding. She interned at Christian Dior and debuted as a model in 1984. She has a swimwear and perfume line, and owns cafes and stores in both Monaco and Barcelona. She also has sold more than 2 million copies of her song, Ouragan, and sold 1.5M copies of her album Besoin. She recorded “In the Closet” with Michael Jackson, however is listed as “mystery girl” in the credits.
Marriages/Relationships: - Marriage 1: Daniel Ducruet
Stephanie married her former body guard, Daniel Ducruet, in 1995. When Rainier learned of their relationship Daniel was not only still his employee, but had a pregnant girlfriend too. Stephanie gave birth to their two children “out of wedlock” because Rainier refused to grant permission for them to marry, however eventually relented. The two divorced a year later after Ducruet was photographed naked with a stripper.
Read more They have two children:
- Louis (b. 1992)
- Pauline (b. 1994)
- Relationship 2: Jean Raymond Gottlieb
Stephanie and Jean never married, however have a child together. He was Rainier’s Head of Security. She did not identify him on the birth certificate and it was not confirmed that he was Camille’s father until
she confirmed it herself on her Instagram. More about Jean
Stephanie met elephant trainer (yeah, you read that right) when she presented him with the award for “best animal tamer” at the Monaco Circus Festival in 1997. Franco, a decade older than Stephanie, was married with two children at the time. Franco left his family for Stephanie, moving her and her three children into his circus caravan in Zurich. Marrying in 2001, their relationship lasted 18 months until their divorce.
An interview with Stephanie in English in 1990 Why is he a Prince and not a King? From vogue:
It goes back deep into the
history of Monaco. Monaco has always been a tiny nation, and, for protection, allied itself with (or, at some points, was flat-out annexed by) big powerful countries, with big powerful rulers—aka kingdoms, or, a nation ruled by a king or queen. So Monaco’s rulers styled themselves as prince and princess. That, by definition, made the nation a principality, or one ruled by prince or princess.
Regardless, Albert actually plays a bigger role in the day to day operations of the country than most of his European peers. Legislative power is divided between the Prince who initiates the laws, and the National Council who votes on them. Executive power is retained by the Prince, and he has full judiciary powers.
Jewels See their tiara collection I think the Ocean Tiara, gifted to Charlene for her wedding, is particularly interesting. You either love it or you hate it.
The Grimaldi Curse What do you think? submitted by Private jet on the runway. Sweaty hand on your back. Say ciao to Andrew's entitled Eurotrashers By Jeremy Clarkson (
Sunday Times, Nov. 24)
Shortly after Prince Andrew claimed he didn't indulge in public displays of affection, we were bombarded with a million photographs of him doing just that. There were so many, it started to look as though he'd had his hand on the arse of everyone in London and had even gone into battle in the Falklands with his tongue in his co-pilot's ear.
The problem is, however, that in the world he inhabits, this is the done thing. When you are introduced to a woman, you don't shake hands. You run your fingers delicately up her exposed back and she responds by resting her head on your shoulder. And then, later, you mate.
The first person I met from this weird world was a translator we once used in Italy. She was idiotically pretty, all freckles and blue eyes — like a Cadbury's Flake girl who'd washed up, under a mane of just-out-of-bed hair, in a Timotei waterfall. And she spoke about 17 languages. "Where are you from?" I asked squeakily. "Er ..." she replied.
That's the thing about these people.
They're not ever from anywhere. Her mum was an American diplomat in Buenos Aires, her dad was an Italian architect and she'd been born in France and educated in England, and lived mostly these days in Switzerland.
This is why most of her friends would have a "de" or a "von" in the middle of their name. To give them some kind of anchor. It's why Andrew fits, because the man he calls Dad is Greek and his mum is German. But he's the Duke of York. I'd be Jeremy of Doncaster. I actually call these people the "ofs and froms". But everyone else has a different name for them: Eurotrash. And you can spot them at parties because they all have wandering Eurohands.
They emerge from their mother's birth canal on water-skis, with a golden suntan. By the age of four, they are fully qualified helicopter pilots, and by six they've won several motor races. They never double-fault on the tennis court, never ski on a piste and, like Andrew, have no discernible source of income. The odd one may have an art gallery in Zurich or a private equity operation in Mayfair, but, by and large, they live an impossible life on invisible means.
It's a carbon-heavy life of parties, mostly. They alight in Rome for Alain de Biarritz's wedding to Alexandra von München and then, after a day of recovery by the pool, they all share a secret signal and whizz off to Moscow for Hugo von Duesenberg's 40th. In many ways, they're like starlings. And, like starlings, they socialise and travel only with their own kind — people who are in the same boat. Or on the same boat, usually.
Sitting at a dining table with these guys involves a lot of shouting, because each has such a long name that the place card is 3ft wide. Which means you are always miles away from the person sitting next to you. Not that they will talk to you, anyway, because of your miserably short name. And because you're an insect in a room full of antelopes.
The men never wear socks. The women never wear much of anything at all. And while they are all able to converse fluently with waiters in any country on Earth, they all communicate with one another in English, but with an accent that sociolinguistic professors would place halfway between Milan and Kentucky. The word they use for "party", for instance, has a "d" in it. And when we say "PJs", we mean pyjamas, but to them PJs are private jets, which is what they all use when the lead starling suddenly decides everyone needs to be in St Moritz. Or Juan-les-Pins. These people, who are only ever photographed with a glass of champagne in one hand and a woman's arse in the other, are all basically beholden to Peter Sarstedt.
You might think they'd never allow a girl from the back streets of Naples to join their gang, but that's not true. Yes, the men must have private means, but they also need boat meat for the summers in St Tropez. And anyone will do, as long as she is visually striking and 7ft tall. Her only job is to appear at the dock in a bikini that's two sizes too small. And to not suffer from heat rash. These are the mystery women who appear in the James Bond casino scenes. And in the background of all those Andrew pictures.
And it all sounds very idyllic for everyone concerned. The women just have to be pretty and they get a racehorse for Christmas, which they keep for a laugh. And the guys never have to mate with anyone who's fat.
No one ever has to buy a washing-up bowl or fill a car with petrol. Which all sounds great, but none of them owns a dog — it'd be too much of a nuisance dealing with it when Air Starling decided to head to pastures new. They don't have jobs for the same reason. And this means they have no concept of responsibility.
Marriages, in their world, are like houses. You move in and then you move out again. They do the wedding thing because they fancy hosting a party, but at the reception the bride will get a lot of Eurohand action, and the only reason the groom doesn't notice is that he's upstairs, snorting coke off the back of the girl from the back streets of Naples.
They never really had much of a connection with their parents, either, because they were sent off to boarding school four minutes after their umbilical cord was cut. And they only ever met Mum subsequently when they passed in the general aviation terminal in Nice.
All of which means that, while their lives are glamorous and exciting and filled with sunshine and princes, they contribute nothing and achieve even less.
Plus, they never experience the most important thing of all: love. It's why so many of them are such enormous bell-ends.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Clarkson's
Sun column can
be read here, but I couldn't resist quoting this
Grand Tour-related section:
Tooth be told it's fine I visited Reunion island in the Indian Ocean a couple of weeks ago and here’s how the conversation went with the man running the beach-side dive shop.
Me: “Please can I borrow a snorkel and a face mask?”
Him: “Oui.”
Weirdly, he never mentioned the poor man from Scotland who the day before, on that very beach, had been eaten by a shark.
Nor did he tell me that nearly HALF of all the world’s fatal shark attacks happen in the waters off Reunion.
But then I’m no better, because when Richard Hammond appeared on the beach later and asked how the snorkelling had been, I replied saying: “Pretty good, actually. You should give it a whirl.”
submitted by Source :
http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print/d-41762132.html
" The "Osservatore Romano", which registers all visitors to the Holy Father in its daily court chronicle, recently left a prominent guest unmentioned: the
Italian Baron Bernadino Nogara, Pope Pius XII had given a special audience. Nogara, although a layman, has been one of the key figures in the Vatican for decades. As "Delegate of the Special Administration of the Holy See", he practically fulfills the functions of Minister of Finance of the Catholic Church.
Baron Nogara, who is already 86 years old and also suffers from atherosclerosis, had a clear reason for his visit:
He asked the Holy Father to release him from his ministry for reasons of age. As his successor, he proposed the sixty-year-old Baron Massimo Spada, who, like Nogara, has been a member of the Vatican's financial brainwave for many years and is the official treasurer of the Italian Catholic Action.Pius XII. allowed the aged Nogara to transfer part of his duties to Baron Spada, who has practically taken over the financial department. But he did not officially resign, which was considered a gesture of special favor in the Vatican to a person credited with the main merit that the Vatican is probably the largest shareholder in the world today.
The secrecy surrounding Nogara's audience with the Holy Father was consistent with the traditional discretion with which the Curia has handled all matters of finance since the founding of the Vatican City. Not only does the Vatican refuse any information about its assets or financial transactions, it also refuses to give account to its believers about its budget.Nevertheless, it is no secret that the Holy See is one of the world's largest financial powers and its political influence has grown steadily in recent years, not least for this reason. The sheer size of the Vatican's business activity is indicated by the fact that the name of the Money Manager Nogara appears on at least 74 boards of major companies. (In the Federal Republic, the banker Hermann Abs holds the top with 26 supervisory board posts.)
Maintaining the Vatican business secrets is, above all, ensured by the fact that the management of shareholdings is concentrated in the hands of a few lay Catholics. The left-liberal Roman weekly "Espresso" (subsidy donors: formerly the office machinery company Olivetti, now Fiat) recently published a list of these personalities, which has eleven names:Next to Nogara and Spada there are the three nephews of the Pope (Carlo, Marcantonio and Giulio Pacelli), Count Pietro Enrico Galeazzi (Director of the Vatican City Technical Works), Giovanni Battista Sacchetti (Upper Palatine), Eugenio Gualdi, Count Paolo Blumenstihl, Francesco Maria Oddasso and former Italian Ambassador Vittorio Cerruti.The names of these personalities appear on the boards of almost all leading companies in Italy, with the exception of the car rust Fiat and the rubber company Pirelli and thus give valuable information on where the Vatican has shareholdings.
In the banking sector, the Vatican has a blocking minority, most notably the Banco di Roma (Chairman of the Board Giulio Pacelli), and has significant stakes in Banco di Santo Spirito (Chairman Baron Spada), Milanese Banco Ambrosiano and Banco Novarra. Nogara's name appears in Milan's largest bank, Banca * Commerciale Italiana, Spada's name in Credito Italiano, both of which are predominantly owned by the public sector.The fact that the pope's nephews are also members of the boards of directors of the Roman gas and power stations is exploited time and again by communist propaganda. Roman workers jokingly call the word "Pacelli" to their wives when they have used up too much gas or electricity to suggest that Pacelli should not be earning any more.
As a Roman scandal revealed last year, the Vatican also has share packages of almost all property companies in Italy. In the "Generale Immobiliare", the largest company of this kind, which owns 800 hectares of land in Rome and its immediate vicinity, the Curia is likely to be directly or indirectly involved with about 40 percent. Chairman of the board of "Immobiliare" is Baron Nogara, General Director Eugenio Gualdi, who sits in a number of similar companies and is the property specialist of the Vatican.Overall, the "espresso" estimates the assets of the Holy See to $ 12 billion, which corresponds to an amount of 50 billion marks. (The nominal capital of all West German corporations amounts to about 26 billion marks.)
The rise of the Vatican to one of the world's most important financial powers has taken place in the last 80 years. The effort to invest the assets of the church in shares goes to Leo XIII who became famous as a proclaimer of the Catholic social doctrine, but at the same time was an ingenious financier and who closed the alliance of the Catholic Church with modern capitalism.The expropriations by the state immediately after the Italian unification in 1870 had been a heavy blow to the Vatican, whose possession had been predominantly immovable. Leo XIII One year after his accession to the throne in 1878, he founded the real estate administration "Beni Stabili", with the help of which he restored the chronically disordered finances of the Roman Curia in a few years.
His successors, the canonized Pius X and Benedict XV, who became known during his First World War peace mission, did not make much sense for such mundane matters as stocks and foreign exchange, so that the Holy See soon became in serious financial trouble again. Only Pius XI, predecessor of the present Pope, was able to cope with this calamity.
Pius XI founded the "Special Administration" of the Holy See to administer the two billion lire (at that time about 450. million Reichsmark), which paid Italy's government under Mussolini after the signing of the Lateran contracts for the after 1870 expropriated in Italy, church property. While the "Beni Stabili" manages the land ownership, the special administration oversees the shareholding of the curia.The current ruling Pope Pius XII. added a third to these two institutions, the "Opera Religiosa" ("Institute of Religious Works"), which has become the house bank of the Vatican. She works closely with the Schweizerische Kreditanstalt in Zurich, which in turn is to be involved with the Jesuit Order with a sizeable package. The close connection between the two financial institutions is already evident in the fact that an employee of the Swiss Credit Institute sits as a permanent liaison in the Roman "Opera Religiosa".
Account No. 1 of the "Opera Religiosa" belongs to the pope and is considered his private casket. The Peterspfennig, which flows into Rome as a contribution from the dioceses of the world, is also paid into this account. The "Opera Religiosa" has the advantage over all other banks that it can guard banking secrecy as well as confessional secrecy, since no tax authority of the Italian state has insight into business transactions on Vatican territory.
There are a number of privileged personalities in the Italian financial world who are allowed to set up accounts in the "Opera Religiosa" and benefit greatly, not least because Italian foreign exchange regulations do not apply in the extra-territorial Vatican City. Thus, it is alleged on Roman stock exchanges that the abdicated Italian royal family had secretly made substantial assets into neutral foreign countries as early as 1942 via the "Opera Religiosa".In addition to the billions of Vatican shares, it is necessary to include those assets that are in the hands of religious orders and are therefore controlled in whole or in part by the Vatican. In the first place as a shareholder is the Jesuit Order, whose holdings are estimated at five billion dollars.
The influence of the Society of Jesus in the American financial world first became apparent fifty years ago, when Italian financier AP Giannini founded the Bank of California, which today is one of the largest banks in the world under the new name Bank of America. Giannini was an extremely skilful financier who owed his starting capital to the Jesuits and figured as their trust or straw man. Today, Bank of America is 51 percent owned by the Order. In San Francisco, the Society of Jesus financed another Italian financier, the Sicilian Antonio Di Giorgio, who founded the politically influential fruit company "Di Giorgio Fruit Company". The group owns extensive fruit and banana plantations in Central America and a transport fleet of more than 100 ships.The Jesuits are also involved in the major US steel companies Republic Steel and National Steel, as well as in the four major US aircraft plants: Boeing, Lockheed, Douglas and Curtiss-Wright. They also control the independent petroleum company "Phillips Oil Co." in Galveston, Texas, and the Creole Petroleum Co., which has extensive concessions in South American Venezuela.
Until American companies launched competitor companies in South America a few years ago, the Society of Jesus also had a monopoly on mercury. In fact, in 1923, the Order's financial experts managed to seize all the shares of Almaden's famous Spanish mercury mines held by the Madrid bank Banco Hispano-Americano.
From the point of view of stock market history, it was a masterly coup, for the Jesuits beat America's largest chemical concern du Pont de Nemours out of the field; who also wanted to acquire the Almaden shares.
The founder of this trust, Alfred II du Pont de Nemours; said then: "I have had a great experience, one should never argue with priests, especially with Jesuits." In 1932, the Jesuits acquired the Tuscan mercury mines in Italy, which, together with Almaden, supplied the world market almost exclusively until a few years ago. During the Second World War, the Order earned on both sides with this armor-important resource. While the Spanish company supplied mainly to the Allies and Russia, the Italian mines supplied the German armaments.In France, the interests of the Society of Jesus extend to the car companies Peugeot and Citroen and the "Banque de Paris et des Pays-Bas", the numerous companies in France, Belgium and Holland, such as Schneider -Creusot, but also the casino controlled by Ostend. The Jesuits also have a decisive influence on the Paris Bancque Francaise et Italienne for l'Amérique du Sud, in whose supervisory board again the Vatican financial expert Nogara appears; this financial institution virtually dominates the South American coffee market and the New York coffee exchange.
The assets of the Order are, however, largely in the hands of the American Jesuits, who are economically independent of Rome and do not wish the Holy See to have direct control over their possessions. The last Extraordinary Religious Consecration last fall saw considerable tensions as the Roman Curia demanded control of the entire American estate of the Order.The eight thousand American religious patrons, however, were able to escape access to Rome until further notice because they had the American bishops on their side. Their position is strong enough for the Roman Curia as well: The Vatican receives more money each year from the Archdiocese of New York than from all European Catholics.
* In Italy, banking institutions use both the masculine and older forms "Banco" and the newer feminine form "Banca".
Pope nephew Giulio Pacelli
On the stock exchange ...
... never quarrel with priests: Papal banker Nogara"
submitted by Profitez des meilleurs jeux sur notre casino en ligne suisse. Inscrivez-vous sur Casino777.ch et recevez jusqu'à 777 CHF de bonus ! Poker Zurich to provide remote casino facilities to customers in Great Britain by the British Gambling Commission under License Number 039358-R-319429-009. 18+, T&C Apply,, New Customers Only. ZetCasino. 200. Free Spins. 35x. 8. 35x. Free Spins. permanent Min deposit: €15 Max cashout: €150--70. Alf Casino. 20 Free Spins Bonus on tipsy tourist, Gladiator, Boomanji-150%. Real Casino Slots Gambling Age In Nyc (4) Deposit bonuses + bonus spins offers available. 35x real money cash wagering of bonus offer amount must be Gambling Age In Nyc met (30 days from deposit) on eligible casino games. Bonuses credited in cash, spins credited upon deposits; under £50 - 10 Spins; £50 or Gambling Age In Nyc over - 25 Spins. Spins on Book of Swiss Casino - Zurich main page: This casino is located in Zürich, Switzerland. Swiss Casino - Zurich features 400 slots and 26 table games for you to enjoy. WCD also books hotel rooms in the major casino resorts in Zürich. You will also find images of Swiss Casino - Zurich or see the latest news headlines about Swiss Casino - Zurich on this page. The Swiss Casino - Zurich total casino square footage is 32,300 square feet. It has 400 gaming machines and 26 tables games. You will also find 6 poker tables and 1 restaurants. You can contact the Swiss Casino - Zurich at +41 43 330 30 30 . The Swiss Casino - Zurich is located at Gessnerallee 3, 8001 Zürich, Switzerland. Visit the Swiss Breaking news, sport, TV, radio and a whole lot more. The BBC informs, educates and entertains - wherever you are, whatever your age. Langstrasse is Zurich’s most popular entertainment district. Night owls can satisfy their hunger at takeout stands until late into the night. Smoking is prohibited in Zurich’s locales; however, many offer so-called “Fumoirs” (smoker’s rooms). With the Zürich Card, party-goers can benefit from, among other things, free admission to the Mascotte Club or the Casino, as well as a Zürich Online Casino Royal Club Besucherinformationen Spielautomaten Tischspiele Poker Events Casino Hold'em. Mehr erfahren 09.06.2020. Age of the Gods. Mehr erfahren 06.06.2020. Simba Jackpot. Mehr erfahren 05.06.2020. Anaconda Wild: Schlängeln Sie ins Glück. Mehr erfahren 13.05.2020. Baccarat – spielen Sie wie James Bond . Mehr erfahren 07.05.2020. Thurgauerin gewinnt im Search the world's information, including webpages, images, videos and more. Google has many special features to help you find exactly what you're looking for. Empfehlung des Teams von Casino ohne Anmeldung “Die gesamte Mannschaft hatten wir prüden Internetmenschen des New Age versammelt um den Start in ein neues Zeitalter gebührend zu feiern. Das Team von Casinos ohne Anmeldung umfasst 11 hippe Möchtegerns, die trotz des fülligen Körperkultes dennoch ausreichend Platz im Baltho fanden.
You Must Know These 13 Things To Avoid If You Want To Become Rich! And If You're Sick And Tired Of Not Living The Life You Deep Down Know You Deserve, Click ... For many, the best years of trance are behind us. There was a time when the quality of the melodies and vocals was astonishing, when you would actually feel ... Hotel employees answer our most curious questions.Check out more awesome videos at BuzzFeedVideo!https://bit.ly/YTbuzzfeedvideohttps://bit.ly/YTbuzzfeedblue1... Zürich Tourism will provide you with tourist information and details about the city and region of Zurich, make hotel reservations for you and book city tours... [with subtitles in English, French and Spanish]"Sub-prime bonds fell off a cliff. Rumor has it default levels are huge.""It's happening...""They are singing ... Conor is approached by a beautiful young lady at a bar in Argentina. He quickly realizes that she may be what the locals call "The Black Widow". He confronts...