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The Bollywood film ‘Dhoom’ (2004), misinterpreted as an action thriller, is in fact a rigorous allegorical analysis of economic policies, particularly in the Indian context in the early ‘00s.
Spoilers ahead. Connoisseurs of film are undoubtedly well-aware of La Nouvelle Vague, aka, the ‘New Wave’—an experimental movement in filmmaking with its origins in the French cinema of the 1950s, with an emphasis on exploration of personal themes such as existentialism, iconoclasm and absurdism. Although the ‘New Wave’ is considered to have met its chronological end in the late 1960s, to be followed by successive movements like ‘New Hollywood’, ‘Cinema Novo’ and ‘Dogme 95’, the influence of la nouvelle vague continues to be keenly felt in the artistic masterpieces of Bollywood production house YRF. Under the skillful hand of renowned auteur Aditya Chopra, the studio has produced a lineup of commercially successful arthouse flicks that continue the French filmmaking renaissance of the ‘50s, successfully infusing avant-garde storytelling techniques with high production values and modern Indian themes. Nowhere is this revolutionary vision more evident than in films like DDLJ (a masterpiece in abstract, absurdist storytelling), Mohabbatein (a sensitive examination of the taboo topic of attitudes towards adolescent self-gratification), Kal Ho Naa Ho (an ambitious adaptation of historian David McCullough’s book 1776), Jab Tak Hai Jaan (a religio-philosophical drama that engages in debate upon the tenets of Christianity, Shaivism, and the cultural taboo of Kala Pani) and, of course, the Dhoom franchise. As YRF’s most popular franchise, the Dhoom series has, with each installment, made great independent strides in cinematic theory and practice. Although—as read above—YRF films explore a wide, varying range of topics as a whole, the Dhoom franchise focuses exclusively on the examination and discussion of economic and socio-economic matters of policy and practice in the Indian context. Over the course of 3 films, the discourse acquires a rich depth, with the analysis of issues including the economic costs and benefits of national highway construction, the clash between entrepreneurial aspirations and the security of bureaucratic employment, the 2008 economic recession in the BRICS context, and the causes and consequences of non-performing bank loans and a profiling of defaulters of on said loans. Indeed, a first course on Indian economics at any prestigious institution may well be framed around careful viewing and discussion of the Dhoom films. In the careful hands of Aditya Chopra and Vijay Krishna Acharya (Dhoom 1/2/3, Tashan, Thugs of Hindostan), each Dhoom film achieves a delicate balance between the overt cops-and-robbers heist story and the covert exploration of complex economic schools of thought. As the 1st film in the franchise, Dhoom (2004) establishes the storytelling framework for the films to come, and by itself explores the challenges and opportunities presented by Indian economic policymaking in the early ‘00s. The film features an all-round star-studded cast, with support from Honorary Roadie & Stardust Awards nominee Esha Deol, Star’s Sabsey Award winner Rimi Sen, and Indian Telly Award nominee Arav Chowdharry. At the film’s helm are Lions Club Award winner John Abraham, Sansui Award winner Abhishek Bachchan, and Emmy nominee Uday Chopra. Series regulars Bachchan and Chopra play Jai and Ali respectively, Jai being a policeman and Ali a small-time mechanic with a penchant for fast bikes and disinterested women. Abraham essays the villainous role of Kabir, part-time restaurant waiter and part-time leader of a gang of biker thieves. The film begins with a series of daring heists pulled off by Kabir’s gang, relying on their high-speed bikes to orchestrate sudden thefts and promptly escape the scene soon after. Their exploits catch the eye of Jai, a lifetime appointee to the post of Assistant Commissioner of Police. Jai, however, finds himself out of his depth and through a series of accidents, makes the acquaintance of Ali, a mildly-seedy mechanic and bike racer. Initially reluctant to be associated with law enforcement, Ali is eventually induced to join Jai’s cause and attempt to chase down Kabir and his merry band of men. Dhoom is slow and deliberate in its setup, and the film’s early minutes are heavy on subtext and detail, therefore, it is essential to take in the plot in small increments, so as to be thorough with one’s analysis. In an allegorical sense, Jai, as a police officer, represents bureaucratic authority and the security, comforts and powers of government employment. Abraham’s Kabir, as a thief, is a laissez-faire capitalist, relying on his material advantage in the form of fast bikes and his manpower advantage in the form of skilled bikers to partake in a series of one-sided transactions with economic entities such as banks and government funds. In this sense, the act of robbery in Dhoom is merely a transaction between two private parties wherein one side gains an unfair amount at the other’s expense, absent external interventionism. In addition to being a free-market advocate, Kabir is also an employee at a pizza parlour, which seems to be the film’s attempt at exploring both the growing role of the service economy as a share of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the amorphous nature of employment within the modern ‘gig’ economy. Caught between the competing ideas of state-control and free capitalism, Chopra’s Ali is a stand-in for the directionless youth, lured by the safety and dignity of a government job, whilst simultaneously seduced by the potential for greater wealth presented by free-market capitalism. The film’s plot is overt in this depiction, with Ali simultaneously fearful of Jai’s authority, yet desirous of wielding said authority as an employed policeman. Furthermore, in an action sequence set in Mumbai’s Chor Bazaar—a flea market specializing in illegally-hawked goods—Jai and Ali get into a fight with goons in the market, and are forced to make a hasty escape after being outnumbered. Ali bringing Jai to the market illustrates his ties to the informal, underground economy—a large, undocumented component of the Indian economy—and Jai’s subsequent fleeing the scene highlights the failed outcome of government attempts to regulate this grey economy by force and bluster. Initially at a loss for clues, Jai is eventually able to deduce that Kabir’s bikers arrange their heists in close proximity to highways, providing as the highways do quick getaways after. This is no doubt an allusion to the economic importance of the National Highways Authority of India’s flagship ‘Golden Quadrilateral’ national highway construction project. Kabir, the raw capitalist, is empowered in his capitalistic pursuits by the government’s infrastructure investments, and John Abraham’s moody expression throughout the film is in no small part perhaps due to the discontentment within Kabir’s mind about his enterprise’s dependence on resources provided by the state. Having deduced Kabir’s MO, Jai and Ali attempt to catch him in the act. However, Kabir and his gang appear to have substantially faster bikes than Jai and Ali, which is undoubtedly an allusion to the government’s perceived ineptitude and inability to generally compete with private enterprise. Left chafing and chasing the dust, Jai catches a lucky break when an overconfident Kabir offers him a clue about his upcoming crime, with the catch being that if Jai fails to avert it, he must recuse himself from the case and leave Kabir to his entrepreneurial pursuits. Kabir, the staunch capitalist, is here hinting at the idea of termination clauses in Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs), agreements between enterprises and governments for mutual benefit. Whilst the government naturally retains the right to sever the partnership at any point, Kabir clearly believes that he, as the private party, is also entitled to terminate the contract should the government, aka Jai, default on the agreed-upon terms. Formally known as the ‘Authority Default’ concept, Dhoom represents this idea in the form of a simple, easy to understand challenge between Jai and Kabir. Even as this layered conflict plays out between Jai and Kabir, Ali is enamoured by the mysterious ‘Dilbara’ (Esha Deol). Little is known about Dilbara, however, like other characters in the film, it may be reasonably assumed than she is also an allegorical depiction of an economic concept. Ali’s infatuation with her suggests that she is perhaps intended to be portrayed as a vague, undefined avenue of aspirational employment. Furthermore, the fact that she (as is later revealed) is in fact a part of Kabir’s gang, yet also harbours feelings for Ali, leads one to conclude that Dilbara represents a form of compromise between dirigisme, aka restrictive state-controlled economy, and laissez-faire anarcho-capitalism. The filmmakers leave the specifics of this compromise vague, however, Dilbara’s skimpy outfits perhaps represent the scantiness of opportunities presented by this nebulous alternative. Returning to the main plot, Jai, despite being forewarned, fails to foil Kabir’s next robbery, despite being able to take down one of his gang in the process. Left short of a gang member, Kabir attempts to recruit Ali, left sidelined by Jai following their failure to catch Kabir. The jilted Ali readily embraces Kabir’s neoliberal worldview and the duo jet off to Goa, where Kabir has his eyes set on one final score from a casino. Subtextually, the casino and gambling in general represent what is in Kabir’s eyes an essential component of his brand of capitalism—rampant speculation and volatility that may be manipulated to one’s benefit. There may also be an addition reference to British academic Susan Strange’s seminal 1986 work Casino Capitalism, a critique of unregulated banking and financial systems. However, Kabir is more likely than not to be derisive of such thoughts, and therefore, if this reference was intended, it may merely be made to indicate the filmmakers’ complete mastery over both Keynesian and Austrian schools of economic thought. The importance of dance numbers in YRF films cannot be overstated. Even as Bollywood music gravitates towards being little more than catchy jingles designed to elicit maximum publicity, the music and dance numbers in YRF films complement the plot perfectly, serving to both entertain and narrate. Dhoom is no exception to this tradition of excellence. On the eve of Kabir’s final heist, an inebriated Jai shows up at the casino, claiming to have left police employment and moved on. Kabir, however, is rightly suspicious, given as Jai is still a cop, and is merely attempting to lure Kabir into a false sense of comfort as a prelude to catching him in the act. This Jai accomplishes by putting on a song-and-dance in front of Kabir to convince him of his abandonment of state-sponsored socialism and his embrace of Kabir’s unrestrained capitalism. The song is entitled ‘Salamee’, a clever homophone of ‘salami’, a sausage that consists primary of beef. The consumption of beef was, in a landmark 2005 Supreme Court judgement, forbidden on grounds on anti cow-slaughter laws. Kabir, as an opponent of government intervention, would likely have been opposed to the idea of such a restriction being imposed upon him. Therefore, to show his solidarity to the cause, Jai takes to the stage in front of Kabir and sways to the refrain of “Naye kal ko aao kare, hum karein, karein/Salami, salami, salami/Kar le salami…”. The subterfuge is apparently successful, and a placated Kabir is lulled into a false sense of security by Jai’s reinforcement of his worldview. However, as mentioned, Jai’s conversion is little more than a ruse, and a hoodwinked Kabir is successfully caught in the act by Jai and Ali, who is revealed to have been Jai’s mole all along. The ever-slippery Kabir, however, weasels his way out of Jai’s clutches, and flees with his loot. Although Dhoom 3 would better address the phenomenon of loan defaulters taking flight from the verge of captivity, Dhoom too takes a cursory look at the occurrence, although Kabir does not quite embody a loan defaulter. He is merely the free-market capitalist, the robber baron caught flouting regulations and fleeing from the consequences of government intervention. A long chase sequence ensues, with Kabir fleeing but ultimately cornered by Jai and Ali at the precipice of a sea-facing cliff. Facing a choice between certain captivity and death, Kabir chooses to fly off the cliff with the last of his loot. In a literal sense, Kabir merely dies by falling off the cliff into the sea. In a figurative sense, faced with the prospect of his enterprise being forced to comply with ungainly regulations, Kabir chooses instead to offshore his business, and make for better waters, thus bringing his character arc to a natural and satisfying conclusion. A frustrated Jai bemoans his end, representing the government’s exasperation at ultimately failing to bring a rogue enterprise to heel. Ali, having seen his capitalistic expectations dive off a cliff with Kabir, chooses in the film’s final shot, to finally pursue the path to safe, steady, state-sponsored employment after all, asking Jai if he finally is a bona-fide police officer, as the film fades to black. The topical nature of Dhoom is a cause for admiration, even a decade and a half after its release. The film successfully ties together strands of economic and socio-economic thought from its time—the ‘Golden Quadrilateral’ project received a major fillip in the first years of the new millennium, the service sector encountered a boom around the same time, as did the contribution of outsourcing to employment and economic growth. The rise of men like Kabir is perfectly timed in the post-License Raj years, as the country embraced capitalism over state socialism. Yet, the lure of stable, ‘safe’ government employment holds true, and powers men like Jai and seduces men like Ali. Dilbara’s unknown fate at the end of the film—left waiting for Ali by the side of a road—is representative of the uncertain outcomes of economic models with time. On a meta note, the Dhoom franchise’s casting of Abhishek Bachchan and Uday Chopra in every film is a nod to the ‘Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act’ of 2005, a flagship government initiative that guarantees employment for a certain number of days out of the year, in the form of unskilled labour. In summation, Dhoom rightly deserves its place as a seminal film in the annals of both YRF and Indian cinema. In its own right, it is a bold, experimental film that marries erudition to entertainment. It is also the progenitor of its celebrated franchise, providing the springboard from which future films would explore similar issues in an equally deft and precise fashion. To YRF, the Dhoom franchise, and Indian cinema, the film Dhoom is nothing short of a bottle of nitrous oxide, that when attached to a bike, propels it into the stratosphere.
Different countries want startups to relocate there and are offering incentives - would you take them?
Hey all, I just published some research on what different countries are doing to entice entrepreneurs to relocate. Whether visas, grants, mentorship, coaching... there's a lot. Question for the group: Would you consider relocating / moving your startup post-COVID? Content: Visas, Incentives, and More: Here’s What Countries are Doing to Attract Remote Companies As lockdowns ease, more than a few entrepreneurs are thinking about what’s next for them and their businesses, especially if they’ve chosen to stay remote. As news hit about remote worker visas in Barbados, or as small towns and cities are more equipped than ever to lure weary big-city remote workers, you’ve got to ask… what about the founders? Sure, remote founders can work from anywhere just like their teams. Where things get interesting, though, is that many countries are launching programs to lure entrepreneurs to relocate their businesses or start up a new company - and with them come access to public funds, free visas, and even a path to citizenship. As governments think about recovery from COVID and general growth for the future, a handful are getting serious about offering a lot of perks to entice entrepreneurs to relocate. All programs have three key elements to them, though in differing quantities:
Accelerated / extended resident visa permits.
Access to the country’s startup support ecosystems.
Funding / financial support.
So if you’ve ever thought about relocating, being an entrepreneur is one of the fastest tickets out. In this article, I’ve highlighted a mix of programs, but it’s not necessarily exhaustive. I tried to focus on the programs with unique elements or that are easy to apply for. While large funding requirements or other hurdles may not be a problem for many companies, my goal here was to highlight the programs that work for the majority of entrepreneurs, including small businesses and freelancers who recently went remote.
France: La French Tech
France has a long history of artisan entrepreneurship but less in the big tech or digital scene. However, the government is hoping to change that with its La French Tech visa programs. There are three kinds of La French Tech visas:
For entrepreneurs launching businesses in France.
For employees joining French startups.
For investors putting money into French startups.
The founder-focused program requires you to get accepted to one of France’s 30+ startup incubators and accelerators, so your ability to get in hinges on that acceptance. France also has a unique program in the sense that it provides a 4 year visa automatically (most other programs only provide 1-2 year visas) and family members are automatically granted residency rights regardless of which visa you get. Finally, the program is diploma agnostic - it’s geared towards creative people and entrepreneurs, not necessarily only STEM grads like many other countries. Internet connectivity is relatively high quality in cities, though it can be lacking in the countryside. If you’re relocating, check for good internet service first. More info: https://lafrenchtech.com/en/how-france-helps-startups/french-tech-visa/
Startup Chile
Chile is hoping to attract entrepreneurs with cash, incentives, a visa, and the natural beauty of the country. The Startup Chile program is actually an accelerator - billed as the “best accelerator in LatAm.” As part of the program, though, non-citizens are granted a one year visa to live in the country while building your company. Highlights of the program are:
1 year visa.
Equity-free funding options to build your startup.
Up to $100k in perks / free offerings from their partners.
Connections with local businesses for validation, testing, and customer growth.
Chile is not known for blazing fast wifi, but if you’re in the accelerator and living within city boundaries, you should be alright. More info: https://www.startupchile.org/
Startup Denmark
The kingdom of Denmark seriously wants entrepreneurs to relocate there. Named by the World Bank as the number one country in Europe for doing business, the country wants to further attract entrepreneurs. The Startup Denmark program is geared to helping people realize the ease of doing business in Denmark, specifically:
Free, independent business advice provided through publicly-funded Business Development Centres in the country.
Focused clusters for cleantech, life science, design, and sustainable energy.
Access to funding through Innovation Fund Denmark and the Danish Growth Fund, both of which are available to non-citizens.
Internet connectivity and penetration is very high in Denmark, so high-tech companies (or even just remote companies with a lot of zoom meetings) should be just fine. More info: https://startupdenmark.info/
Enterprise Ireland
The only English-speaking country on the euro, Ireland is a prime place for doing business. Its geographic location makes it easily accessible to Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, and North America, and its low corporate tax rate has already attracted major players including Google and Starbucks. Enterprise Ireland has also launched an entrepreneur visa, which is specifically for entrepreneurs who can:
Feasibly create 10 jobs in Ireland within 3-4 years.
Raise 50,000 euros for the first founder and 30,000 additional euros per additional co-founder needing a visa.
Be controlled from Ireland.
Despite rigid sounding rules, the visa program is actually quite flexible. For instance, the fundraising requirements can be through almost any funding option, including using your own money and not taking any investment dollars. Further, the notion of being “controlled” from Ireland is more flexible than other countries that require a certain percentage of business to be done in the country for founders to be eligible for a visa. More info: https://www.enterprise-ireland.com/en/Start-a-Business-in-Ireland/Startups-from-Outside-Ireland/
EntrePass Singapore
Singapore took the world markets by storm in the past few decades, going from a small island nation with no natural resources to a global hub of finance and casinos. Now, the country wants to be known as a hub for global entrepreneurship. The EntrePass in Singapore grants founders a 2 year visa to live in Singapore while building a business. Like other programs (France, for example), businesses must be accepted into an accelerator in order for the founders to qualify for a visa. However, where Singapore adds a bit of strictness is two-fold:
The business must be net-new or less than 6 months old at the time of application. This program is only for new businesses.
Your business must be accepted into a government-backed accelerator or receive funding from a government-backed investor.
The Singaporean government is usually tolerant with expats, but the laws on the island can be incredibly strict. The program can be amazing for new entrepreneurs, though, especially given Singapore’s strategic location and relatively low taxes. More info: https://www.startupdecisions.com.sg/singapore/relocation/entrepass/
Italia Startup Visa
Known for fine leathers, fashion, and amazing food, Italy is now hoping to become known as a centre of innovation. The country offers two kinds of visas for non-EU entrepreneurs:
Italia Startup Visa
Italia Startup Hub
The Visa is made for entrepreneurs who aren’t currently in Italy but want to relocate there to start / scale their business. The Hub option is for people already in Italy who want to stay and launch a business (I think Italy caught onto the fact that people sitting in gorgeous villages sipping a coffee might just want to stick around). Visa programs came about through Italy’s “Decree 179/2012,” which is the country’s program to explicitly attract what they deem ‘innovative startups’ to the country. In general, innovative startups by Italy’s definition are technology companies that either invest more than 15% of their revenues to R&D, employ PhD-level researchers full-time, or own patents for inventions or ‘original software.’ The visa lasts for 1 year, but is renewable for another 2 years. While business taxes in Italy can be fairly high, the relatively low cost of living can balance those costs out. More info: http://italiastartupvisa.mise.gov.it/
SMART Visa Thailand
Thailand is one of the only programs to highlight that spouses and children are automatically granted residency (along with France) - and that your spouse will have a work visa included in their residency permit as well. The country’s SMART visa program has four tiers:
S - Startup.
T - Talent.
E - Executives.
I - Investors.
S visas are explicitly for entrepreneurs and startup founders, and have three options: a 2-year, a 1-year, and a 6-month visa. The 2-year program is for designated high-tech startups, the 1-year for incubator and accelerator-backed startups of all varieties, and the 6-month visa is intended for sales and promotion in Thai markets as opposed to setting up shop in Thailand. More info: https://smart-visa.boi.go.th/smart/pages/smart_s.html
Startup Visa Lithuania
A Baltic country bordering Poland and Latvia by land and Denmark and Sweden by sea, Lithuania has some of the fastest internet on the planet and gorgeous medieval towns and sea views. The visa program is part of Startup Lithuania, a government-backed organization geared towards helping Lithuania succeed in global markets. Recognizing that many people have probably heard the name “Lithuania” but don’t know much about it, the Startup Visa program focuses heavily on soft landings with guides on how to relocate, connections to other relocated workers and entrepreneurs, and links into the country’s extensive support programs for businesses. More info: https://startupvisalithuania.com/about-us/
Startup Estonia
The original “digital society,” Estonia is regularly in the news for how connected their society is. The internet is fast, citizenship is digital, and the country even launched a remote worker visa to entice more people to relocate. On the entrepreneur side of things, Startup Estonia launched a Startup Visa to encourage entrepreneurs to relocate to Estonia. The program is very explicitly focused on technology-based companies with global market potential, but Estonia has the minimum required capital of all programs in Europe (you only have to prove you have around $2,000 USD for a one-year visa). Entrepreneurs can apply for a 3-month visa to test the waters and get set up, or a 12-month visa to make the move and begin the process of permanent residency. Like its cousin Lithuania, Estonia has beautiful scenery, sea views, and a high quality of life. More info: https://startupestonia.ee/visa
Entrepreneur residence permits (Sweden)
Sweden is known in the business world for producing the likes of IKEA, but it’s also a welcoming country for entrepreneurs with companies of all sizes. While Sweden doesn’t have a flashy website or dedicated startup-lingo page, the Nordic country has a Self-Employment Residency visa, which provides up to 2 years stay - with a path to permanent residency - for self-employed individuals. The capital requirements are fairly low - you have to prove you have around $25,000 USD to support yourself while on visa - and you can apply from anywhere in the world. The primary potential downside for remote entrepreneurs is that this visa requires you to produce and/or sell the majority of your business’ goods and services in Sweden, which could be a challenge for a distributed workforce. More info: https://www.migrationsverket.se/English/Private-individuals/Working-in-Sweden/Self-employment.html
Not sure about relocating quite yet?
One of the wins of remote work is that you can physically do your job from anywhere. So if you’ve been dreaming of relocating but not sure about taking the actual plunge, plan an extended working holiday. Depending on where you’re from, most countries will allow you to stay at least a few weeks (and upwards of 90 days in some cases) with no visa or simply on a tourist visa. If you’re planning this kind of “working holiday,” here are some places to consider visiting (that have great, accessible wifi) for when the world opens back up: Cities:
I’m not really sure how to start off this story, so here it is. I’m not going to reveal my name for safety reasons, not that it will matter for much longer. For the sake of it, you can call me David. I work at my father’s business, which makes sex toys. Embarrassing detail, but as I said it won’t matter for long. Anyways, the business makes a ton of money per year, I’m talking billions. You might be thinking I’m in a great spot, and you’d be wrong. I work in customer support. The bottom, to be specific. Originally, I was going to take over the company when I turned 21, which was a little over three years ago. So how did I end up in customer support? Well, for my 21st birthday, I went partying with some friends. We hit clubs, bars, casinos, strip clubs, you name it. I woke up in a cell the next day, to a look of disappointment from my father. Me and my friends got shitfaced at a bar, then went to the nearest casino. I blew through over $600,000 and tried to bail on the payment. I, drunkenly, drove through a building. Long story short, I’m sitting on a little over $1,000,000 in debt. I also contracted chlamydia from a stripper, and my fiance left me when she found out. My father decided that I wasn’t responsible enough to take over his business, and needed a real job. He offered me customer support in his company, and I took it. I had no other options, I couldn’t leave town, and nobody would hire me. But not writing this for sympathy, I’m writing this as a warning. Now I’m sure many of you have heard of the dark web, probably heard a number of horror stories about it too. Well, here’s another one for you, but take this one seriously. There is a source on the dark web, which I will not name, that is something like a hitman. It is a little difficult to put how it works into words, but it’s an important detail. You put a warning hit on someone, along with a reason and how much you will pay, and wait for a hitman to take the case. Once one does, you talk with the hitman about a timeframe, what you want from them, and how their death should look should they not agree to your terms. The hitman then tells the person there is a hit on them, and how they can keep themselves alive. If the person tries to flee or does not meet the terms before the deadline, the hitman kills them. If the hit is carried out, the hitman keeps 100% of your payment. If the person agrees to the terms, the hitman takes 10% of what you paid him. An example for a little more clarity: your daughter is raped by person A, and despite the evidence person A is not punished. You put a warning hit on person A. Your case would sum up to “person A raped my daughter, I will pay $10,000.” A hitman takes your case and you tell them “person A has three months to pay $250,000 and if he does not, make his death look like an accident.” The hitman collects your pay and tells person A about the warning hit, and the terms. If person A meets the terms, he is off the hook, and the hitman returns 90% of your payment. If he does not meet the terms, flees, goes to police, etc. then he dies in an accident and the hitman keeps your payment. I hope that made sense to you. Now I’m sure you are poking holes or have questions already. A little more info I can give you is: you choose what to offer the hitman and he/she will accept or decline, there is no set payment but higher status people cost more, death and terms can be almost anything you want, most of the hitmen will not do more than a one year timeline, nobody has ever been caught. Now what I’m sure you are wondering (or probably already figured out), why does this matter? Well, let’s get to that. About a month ago I was at work answering calls from dissatisfied customers, who decided to take out their anger on me. I was five minutes from lunch when I got another call, and my supervisor made me answer it. I wasn’t in the best mood, and didn’t want to get an earful of profanity from a customer, but that’s exactly what I got. He was screaming about how he spent close to $300 and hadn’t gotten his stuff after a month, and was giving me demands between his insults. I spent most of my lunch break trying to talk with the guy, to no avail. In hindsight this was the wrong decision, but I snapped. I was screaming back at the guy, telling him I didn’t care if his middle aged overweight ass didn’t get his sex doll, along with a number of other insults. Again I know I made the wrong choice, but I had been dealing with this daily for years, and I’d had enough. I slammed the phone down and stormed out. My father called me later that day, telling me I’ll need another job. Unfortunately for me, it didn’t end there. I didn’t know this at the time, but the guy I was talking to knew a ton about technology, and spent a lot of time on the dark web. Not only did he trace the call, but he hacked into the company computer system, and found every piece of information there was about me. To top it all off, none of the security programs in place picked up anything. So how do I know this? The next day I woke up to a pounding on my door. When I answered it, the only thing I found was an envelope. Inside it was a letter (some details changed) which read: Dear Mr. David, I am a hitman of “Generic Hitman Agency”, and you don’t want to meet me. The reason you are reading this is because a warning hit has been placed on you by my client, Mr. Client. If you do not meet his terms, we will meet. If we meet, it is game over for you. You must be wondering what the terms are. My client purchased some products from the company you formerly worked at. After a month of waiting, my client has not received the products. He called to inquire about them, but only received your insults as an answer. He traced the call to you specifically, and put this hit on you. The terms he has set up for you are as follows: “I want the products I paid for, as well as $10,000 in compensation for the wait and your attitude”. You have 30 days to meet my clients terms. If you meet the terms, you are safe. If you fail to meet the terms, you will die. If you attempt to flee, I will find you. Any attempts to escape the hit without meeting my clients terms will fail. If you fail to meet the terms, the method of execution chosen by my client: to be restrained and sealed in a large block of silicone. I will be the one to perform your execution. The decision is yours. Signed, Hitman I couldn’t help but chuckle at the irony of my “execution.” I sat the letter on the counter, and called my father. I asked him if the letter was some kind of joke because of yesterday, but he had no idea what I was talking about. I was going to take a picture of the letter to send to him, but the only thing on the counter was small bits of ash. It was almost as if the letter self destructed, like what you see in spy movies. I found this very strange, but assumed it must have been a dream. Three weeks later, and I had completely forgotten about the letter. I had managed to find a job that paid the bills. I was on my way home from grocery shopping, when I got an uneasy feeling, like I was being stalked. I tried to write it off as some random paranoia wave. When I got home, I found another letter attached to my door. I assumed it was just mail and grabbed it as I went inside. I sat my groceries in the kitchen and opened the letter. This one confirmed the last one was not a dream. The second letter read: Dear Mr. David, I have noticed that after three weeks you have made no effort in meeting my clients terms. As the previous letter was destroyed, allow me to refresh your memory on the terms: Deliver the purchased products and $10,000 to my client or you will be restrained in a large block of silicone. It has been 21 days since you were given the first letter. Now Mr. David, I do look forward to your execution. The method is out of the ordinary for my line of work, and quite ironic. I would very much like to try it on you. However, I believe my client would much prefer you meet his terms. This letter is to inform you that you have nine days remaining to meet the terms. Your time is running out, make your decision. Signed, Hitman Before the letter had a chance to self-destruct, I grabbed my phone to take a picture. I managed to get a picture before the letter dissolved into ash. Any hope I had was shattered when I looked at the photo however. I was looking at a picture of a blank piece of paper. I was dumbfounded, I didn’t even know ink existed that would not show up on camera. At this point I didn’t know what to do, I had nine days to come up with the money and the items. I thought about selling some possessions to raise the necessary funds, but I couldn’t raise $10,300 if I sold everything I had. I thought about it for a while, and came up with an idea. I still remembered the name of the hitman service Mr. Client had hired. My plan was simple, I will put a warning hit on Mr. Client. My terms, Mr. Client has three days to call off his hitman. It had to work, it was my only option. I figured a couple grand would get me a hitman quickly. I put my car up for sale, and told people I needed it gone quickly. The car itself is worth about $4,500. I listed it for $3,000 to get it to sell, but only managed to get $2,500. I figured it might be enough, and went searching for the warning hit service. I had some experience with the dark web in my past, and did manage to find them, although it took a while. When I got on their site, I found a form to fill out to place a warning hit. I put in the necessary information into the form and submitted it. I was hoping for a quick answer, and I got one. A hitman answered me and said she would do the hit. I was relieved as she told me she takes most hits and doesn’t ask questions. The next day I found a large manila envelope on my door. I assumed it was about my warning hit and opened it eagerly. Inside was an envelope, a copy of my warning hit form with a note, and $2,500. I read the note first. It read: We have reviewed and voided your warning hit. Despite it being accepted, the hit will not continue, and your target will not be informed. We do not allow hits on anyone who has an active hit. The reason for this is to prevent anyone from using our service to get out of a hit. If you attempt to place another warning hit on your target, a hitman will be activated to terminate you. Well fuck, back to square one. I reviewed the items in the manila envelope, all the money was there, and the form had “void” stamped on it. I wasn’t sure what the envelope was for, my only guess was it was a letter from the hitman who took my case. Well, I was right about the hitman part anyway. Inside was a letter which read: Dear Mr. David, Because of the warning hit you attempted to place on my client, your termination will be carried out. You can no longer save yourself. You should already know this however, otherwise you would not have tried to place a hit on my client. Your little plan was doomed from the start however. One little detail you missed, once a warning hit has been placed, the client cannot call it off. Even though it’s a rule we have, I would have killed you regardless. What better opportunity to perform a unique execution like yours? See you soon. Signed, Hitman So that’s that, I’m a dead man. I sat in my living room for a few minutes brainstorming ideas. As I watched the papers dissolve on my table, I figured my best option was to completely disappear. I packed a bag and robbed someone of their car. I gave the owner $500 to “not remember” what I look like, and he agreed. I drove until the car ran out of gas, then started wandering through a patch of forest near where I broke down. I stumbled across a summer cabin and broke in. I planned to spend the night, but found a note waiting inside, it was short but it read: David. No matter where you go, we will find you. There is no escape. Accept your fate. They are right, I can’t escape this. They somehow knew I would end up here, how could I escape this? I sat down at the computer and figured I would spend my last few hours telling my story to reddit, and drinking the whiskey I found in the freezer. It’s too late for me, but not for you. Please, especially if you are a business owner, be goa;ersdljNaCnbabg gchgkxhufttgzsfaWQWDAxsg Hey everyone, “David” is unconscious, but still alive. I saw his post and read through it. I figured I would post it for him, in a way they’re his last words. You may be wondering why I didn’t delete it, its evidence afterall. Well, how many stories have you read on here that you thought were true? Anyways, before I rudely interrupted him, I think he was telling you to be good to others. Especially if you are a business owner, or in his case, customer support. I’m going to wrap this up, I have some business to finish. I suggest you take David’s advice, otherwise we might meet someday, and one of us won’t like that… Hitman, signing off.
Goa is best known for its ravishing beaches and is located in western India. It is one destination in India which is very popular amongst the youth. A Goa tour packagecan be planned for a family holiday, honeymoon, and vacation with friends etc. Anyone and everyone would love to visit Goa for the scenic beauty of the beaches, the exotic seafood, the bright colored shacks, and the amazing nightlife.Here we have mentioned some of the best experiences you must enjoy on your trip to Goa. Visit the Dudhsagar Falls The Dudhsagar Falls are very popular milky waterfalls located near Sonaulim, Goa between the Bhagwan Mahaveer Sanctuary and Mollem National Park. These falls got its name from the milky white water that flows through the waterfall. It is one of the tallest waterfalls in India. These falls are mostly visited by tourists in the monsoon season. Visit the Spice Plantation Goa tourism boasts the best and famous spice plantations named the Sahakar spice farm and Savoi plantations. You can take a walking tour around the aromatic plantations enjoying the natural beauty. It is situated in the Ponda region in Goa. You can also buy some spices as souvenirs of your trip. Go on a Romantic Sunset Cruise The (GTDC) Goan Tourism Development Corporation runs a different river cruise on the Mandovi River. The cruises are operated during the daytime, sunset, and moonlight. Visit Flea Markets Various weekly flea markets are happening around at different locations in Goa. Some of the best weekly flea markets happen at Mapusa, Anjuna, Calangute, and many more places. Here you can do some real good street shopping at affordable prices and can also enjoy the local street food. Take a Dolphin Tour Not many people know about the Dolphin Watching Tour which is a fun activity to experience at some of the beautiful places in Goa. The tour can be done at Sinquerim, Fort Aguada, or Panaji. It is a treat to the eyes of someone who loves Dolphins. Catamaran Sailings You can book a catamaran for sailing in Goa which is available on rent from morning to evening time. It is advisable for a group of family members or friends who want to enjoy a day at the sea. This activity is not favorable in the monsoon season. On a summer day, one can enjoy a day sailing in the waters, chilling in the catamaran. Enjoy Hot Air Balloon Ride There is a place named Chandor in South Goa, where you can experience the Hot Air Balloon Ride. The ride is usually for one hour and accompanied by the pilot inside the basket. The basket can carry up to 10 passengers at a time. Private tours also can be done upon pre-booking requests. Water Sports activities on the Beach Goa tours offer many water sport activities at various beaches. Some of the famous water sports are Water Scooter Ride, Parasailing, Banana Ride, and many more. You can try all the activities at an affordable price. Climb up to the Chapora Fort The Chapora Fort got famous after the blockbuster movie "Dil Chahta Hai" was shot there. The famous scene at the fort from this movie has increased the number of tourist visits here. There is a car parking in the entrance of the gate and then everyone has to climb up to the fort on their own. The view from the top of the Fort is mesmerizing overlooking the beautiful sea. Watch the Sunset from Thalassa Restaurant Thalassa Restaurant is one of the most famous restaurants in Goa to experience the sunset. It is an open restaurant with a view of the beach and the sunset. The tourists usually book their reservations before for sunset just to enjoy their food and drinks while watching the sunset. Certain performances are happening at the restaurant on weekends to entertain the guests. Enjoy a foot massage on the beach The perfect time at the beach is always relaxing under the sun, looking at the sea, and having a good foot massage. There are several options available for a foot massage at many beaches in Goa. They charge a nominal price for the foot massage. Don't miss your chance of enjoying a foot massage on your Goa holiday tour package. Play Casino at Deltin If you enjoy casinos, you have to visit the Deltin cruise which has a casino club. The cruise has dine-in facilities on board. One can enjoy their night being lucky at the casino winning the jackpot. Nightlife in Goa Goa is known for its nightlife. Many tourists from India and foreign tourists from all over the world visit Goa for nightlife and parties. There are a lot of pubs, discos, shacks on the beach where people can go for parties and enjoy their night. Some of the famous places are Curlies at Anjuna Beach, Thalassa at Vagator Beach, St. Anthony's at Baga Beach and the list goes on which is endless. There are a lot many things that can be done on Goa tour. It is an experience in itself. So make your checklist before you plan your trip to Goa.
In the city full of chaos, I was thinking to take a break from work for long enough. So, one day out of the blue, me & my 5 other friends decided to plan a trip to Goa. Goa is a premier holiday destination for travelers to explore and as we haven’t been to Goa before and heard a lot good about Goa like its exotic beaches, resorts for leisurely accommodations, clubs for dazzling nightlife, aesthetically beautiful incredible forts and churches, romantic views, fabulous weather, amazing ambiance and especially my so favorite Goan food restaurants. What else you want for a vacation! There are lots of things to do in Goa. For romantic couples to fun freak people, Goa has something for everyone whether a person is looking for a honeymoon, solo trip, a family vacation, or trip with a group of friends. The first and the foremost thing I wanted to do is to book Mumbai to Goa cruise. So, I checked it out and found two cruises that were available, Jalesh Cruise and Angriya Cruise. I chose Angriya Cruise as it was perfectly matching my budget and it is more of a passenger ship. Angriya Cruise Talking about Jalesh Cruise, it was a bit expensive for me but it offers more private sea views, better ride quality, better cleanliness and hygiene as compared to Angriya Cruise. Jalesh Cruise have international staff as it is a Mauritius based company while Angriya Cruise is Indian based. Both the cruises are good at their own places compared to the price and suitability. Jalesh Cruise Whether you are looking to relax and unwind, especially holidays in Goa with friends or family, what’s most important is your stay. There are plenty of excellent accommodation options like Airbnb Goa including AirBnB Goa Villas, as well as beach resorts closest to famous restaurants and bars you can go to within North Goa. Airbnb Goa One of my favorites is Grand Hyatt Goa where I stayed. Other options we took into consideration are Cidade De Goa, Holiday Inn Goa and Taj Exotica Goa which we’ll definitely try the next time we visit. The hotel property was so beautiful and huge. These are amongst the best hotels and resorts in Goa with world-class hospitality and services, bay view rooms with club access, closest to the sea, best pool areas, best casino and spa, suitable for kids, and most importantly the prices will not dent your pocket. Grand Hyatt Goa Cidade De Goa A small state on the western coast of India, Goa is an amazing and magical city, best known for its scenic beaches or a paradise for beach lovers in India ranging from popular Baga Beach, Palolem Beach, Anjuna Beach, Calangue beach, Candolim Beach, Vagator Beach and more. These are some wide sandy & breezy palms and beautiful beaches in the world, popular among the tourists. With plenty of adventurous activities and water sports like water-skiing, parasailing, bump rides, jet-skiing, catamaran sailing, banana rides and windsurfing, these beaches are full of energy and life. You’ll enjoy every bit of it. There are plenty of restaurants and cafes on the beachside where you can have a variety of delicious food options while having the aesthetic and spectacular views of the sea & sunset, looking at the waves crashing on the shore. These beach shacks are all lit up in sparkling lights at night giving you the best nightlife experience. Thalassa Goa Martins Corner Goa Now coming to the food which has always been my first priority while I’m traveling. I personally am a goan and seafood lover but some of my friends were vegetarian. So, we took both points into consideration and found the best suited and famous food options in Goa. They were Thalassa Goa, Curlies Goa, Martins Corner Goa, and Barbeque Nation Goa. So, we chose Thalassa Goa for the food as they are famous for their Greek, Mediterranean & Seafood cuisine and its picturesque seaside & sunset views, with five-star ratings. The most important thing I read about Thalassa is that it remains crowded so make a reservation before visiting. We pre-booked our sea-side table a night before. We went the other day and we so loved the restaurant. They have outdoor seating, beachside bar, live music, lip-smacking food, it was surely worth every penny. One must try their Prawns Pastitsada, Souvlaki, and Goan fish curry. It was so yummy that I could have that daily. Curlies Goa The next day we thought of trying another restaurant, then we decided to go to Curlies because we were told that if you haven’t been to Curlies Goa, your trip to Goa is incomplete. Curlies is a small beach shack located on Anjuna beach. It is definitely the perfect place for a foodie and party lovers, famous for Continental, Italian, Israeli, Indian & Goan cuisine. One of Curlies' specialties is Kings Crab. We wanted to try that so we ordered King Crab, Pizza, Beef Steak, and trust me, it’s so delicious that I have that taste still in my mouth. After enjoying the sunset, we danced to loud electronic music. Curlies have a private dancefloor that was super crowded and it’s the most fun thing I have ever seen. From the coolest pub to the shack, you’ll experience everything at Curlies. A night full of trance music, neon lights, delectable food, and amazing drinks. I only had heard about the nightlife in Goa, and now that I’ve experienced every bit of it. If I had the option, I could have just stayed there for ages. One must have rightly said that the trip to Goa is incomplete without being at Curlies. I really want to try Martin’s Corner the next time I visit Goa. This was one of our memorable trips. The hustle at night that you’ll find in Goa will exceed your expectations. Cherish the legendary nightlife or some calm moments or might just lay on the beach watching life and people pass by. If you are a party animal and love grooving to your favorite beats while enjoying exotic drinks, then Goa is the perfect place for you. For more information, visit goa travel guide.
Tricks to play Satta-matka : www.sattamatka.marketing
Tricks to play Satta-matka :www.sattamatka.marketing Satta-Matka is a kind of lottery which formerlycontains betting on the opening as well as closing rates of cotton transmitted from the New York Cotton Exchange. It endures before the era of independence. In the 1960s, it replaced with other ways of producing random numbers, including pulling slips from a large pot known as a Matka or playing cards. Indian game of luck, SattaMatkais based on random number selection along with bidding. However, to win you prerequisite the lucky number. A foremost betting trend in the sub-continent the game of sattamatkaneeds that you select the right number for endearing the game and becoming the Satta king in the procedure. It will also be extremely rewarding as the winner takes all in this game and that could be anenormous financial gain for you. It is a most popular game in India, in the 21st era, more people have started making cash bets upon gambling and betting in India. The haters of gambling claim that it leads to corruption, crime, and money laundering while the regulated gambling system in India can be a vast source of revenue for the state. Casinos in Goa contributed Rs. 135 crores to the state revenue in the year of 2013. The Easiest Way Play SattaMatka: www.sattamatka.marketing The game of SattaMatka is most simple to understand and play. With a little bit of study and exercise, you will be the master of Matka game. The Kalyan Matka game was first announced to Kalyanji Bhagat in 1962 and WaroliMatka was announced back in the ’70s by Ratan Khatri. This game was identical popular until the ’90s but after unremitting raids by police on Matkacenters it was shut down. But, after the age of the Internet, this game ongoing to turn heads up again in the online format. The Satta Matka industry found new hope in the form of the Internet. In the 21st era, many online websites started to rise up. Many websites started to offer an interface for playing online games, SattaMatka results, guessing forum, and charts. Here’s how to play Matka game: www.sattamatka.marketing Pick SattaMatka Number:www.sattamatka.marketing At first you have to pick (3) numbers from 0–9. For example, 5,3,6 would be your first picked casual numbers. To add more substance to the alteration, the numbers are then included (5 + 3 + 6) and the last number is given. In this such as, it is 14. You just have to save one digit of this number, the last one. In this example, it will be 4. So, your first draw would be 5,3,6 *4. There is also a 2nd set of numbers that are drawn. The rules for picking the 2nd number are precisely the same as the first draw. As a random case, let's admit the numbers 8,2,8. This gives us a sum of 18, we again just only keep the last digit so our last pick for the 2nddraw of numbers is 8,2,8 *8 Our last card would look like this: 5,3,6 *4 X 8,2,8 *8. Here is an example card. www.sattamatka.marketing
Goa is synonymous with a life free from worries and anything routine. Be it the extravagant parties, bustling flea markets, casinos, or beach shacks – Goa is a vibrant city that must be on your bucket list. All you need to do is take a car for rent in Goa and prepare a list of places you would want to explore in Goa. Here is a list of the best beaches to visit in Goa Places To Visit In Goa Morjim Beach The moment you step on the Morjim Beach, its calm ambiance is instantly going to sooth all your travel fatigue. The beach is ideal to take a peaceful stroll, soak in the sun, bird watching, and just enjoying the beach water. How to reach Morjim Beach – Book a car rental in Goa Querim Beach If you wish to skip the party scene in Goa, you can choose to visit the beautiful Querim Beach in North Goa, to enjoy a quiet sunset. The beach is also popular as the Keri Beach. With the minimal crowd and splendid view of the ocean, this waterfront is amongst the hot favorite with the beach bums headed for Goa. How to reach Querim Beach – Opt for car hire in Goa Arambol Beach With a handful of shacks, the Arambol beach is the most suitable for spending time by yourself. Here you can try the scrumptious seafood and a mix of cuisines served at the shacks or enjoy a game of volleyball. One of the best beaches for a sunny day out. How to reach Arambol Beach – Try cab booking in Goa Baga Beach One of the most famous beaches in Goa, Baga is a must-visit for everyone looking for some action. It is a paradise for the shopaholics, who like to grab bargain deals anywhere, anytime. This waterfront is a popular party hub, and people can be spotted flocking here late at night to enjoy happening music and amazing food. You can also indulge in watersports here. How to reach Baga Beach – Hire taxi services in Goa Vagator Beach Cliffs close to the shore of the Vagator beach offers a mesmerizing view during the sunset. Pun intended! The beach is lined with many budget shacks, quaint cafes, and hotels. Vagator Beach is ideal to enjoy a dip in the ocean water or playing a game of volleyball. How to reach Vagator Beach – Book self drive car rental in Goa Anjuna Beach Party buffs must not miss a visit to the popular Anjuna Beach when in Goa because the fun begins here. The beach is lined-up with a number of happening beach clubs and shacks. This popular Goan beach is much loved by hippies, people who like to soak in the sun, and anyone keen on indulging in water sports. How to reach Anjuna Beach – Try cab booking in Goa Palolem Beach Loved for its popularity as a quaint waterfront in Goa, the Palolem Beach is great for anyone eager to staying away from the party crowd of north Goa. It is best suited for mingling with crowds and spending a moderately happening time by the beach. How to reach Palolem Beach – Book car rental in Goa Candolim Beach One place you cannot skip from your itinerary when in Goa is Candolim Beach. From water sports to foot massages, enjoying mouth-watering delicacies at the shacks nearby to just lazing around, Candolim Beach is perfect for a fun time in Goa, particularly during the day. How to reach Candolim Beach – Hire taxi services in Goa Sinquerim Beach Beauty at its best is the ideal statement to describe the Sinquerim Beach. Dotted with coconut palms, the Sinquerim Beach is a photographer’s delight. A visit to this waterfront is a must during you’re your trip in Goa. How to reach Sinquerim Beach – Book self drive car rental in Goa
This post essentially builds off TheIpleJonesion’s fantastic lore, explaining the situation which Portugal and her former territories find themselves in during the early 1980s. It is broken down along geographic lines.
The Metropolitan (Continental Portugal and the Outer Island Provinces of the Azores, Madeira, Cabo Verde and São Tomé & Príncipe):
With the removal of the Salazar regime in 1954, Portugal transitioned into a military-dominated presidential republic. Liberal market reforms made by the democratically-elected Fraternity Party saw an end to state interventionism in the Portuguese economy and a move away from corporatist macroeconomic organisation towards capitalistic free-market economics. This transformed the predominately-agricultural Portuguese economy into an industrial powerhouse, as factories popped up across the continental provinces in what is now jokingly referred to as the ‘Portuguese Industrial Revolution’. As Portugal modernised its economy, it attained a developmental trajectory similar to that of the Asian Tigers IOTL. This was only helped by the extremely cheap importation of primary resources from Portugal’s former colonies in Africa, and the discount export markets which the escudo africano monetary area had established in these nations. Portugal’s economic ascension was accompanied by huge progress in the fields of education and infrastructure, as bridges and roads were constructed and continental illiteracy abolished. Owing to its pro-business sympathies and dubious ties to the economic elite, the Fraternity Party ensured that no anti-trust measures were implemented as part of its economic reform strategy, allowing the influential ‘40 Families’ of Portugal’s south to expand their dominion over those sectors of the Portuguese economy that were privatised during the post-Salazar liberalisation. The result was an economic model that verged on plutocracy, as the anti-communist military conspired with powerful businessmen and corrupt Fraternity Party politicians to maintain the upper class’ hold on power. This alliance of convenience continued up until the late seventies when a cadre of disillusioned, left-leaning junior military officers led a mass of young conscripts to seize power in the infamous 1976 Carnation Revolution. The Revolution, which in many ways resembled the anti-Salazar coup 22 years prior, saw the passage of new anti-trust and anti-corruption laws after the democratically-socialist Movement for Democratic Unity’s (MDU) victory in the junta-supervised elections of 1977. Though the Revolution would establish a fairer two-party democratic system in which the Conservative Party (the successor to the Fraternity Party) would compete with the MDU in free elections, it also confirmed for a second time the military’s position as a powerful force in Portuguese politics. As such, despite the removal of plutocracy and the reinstatement of fair elections, the Portugal of the 1980s remains a “flawed democracy” according to most outside observer assessments. Though this chaos certainly had a negative impact on Portuguese standards of living, the nation remains a dynamic economic force in Europe and an over-achiever when it comes to developmental outcomes. As the 1980s continue on, Portugal is beginning its transition away from heavy industry towards a stronger services sector while it signs special trade agreements with its partners in the European Common Market and continues to pursue close economic ties with its former colonies of Guinea and Angola. From the sparkling beaches of São Tomé & Príncipe to the luscious fields of northern Portugal and the windswept hills of the Azores, there is no doubt that the Republic has become quite the enterprising nation.
The Outer Metropolitan (Portuguese India, Macau and Timor-Leste):
Portuguese India: Had the Indian subcontinent not fractured so easily in the late 1950s, it is difficult to see how Portugal would have been able to maintain any sort of presence in the territories of Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar-Haveli. The defeat of Indian forces in the Kashmir Conflict and the successful declaration of Dravidian independence after a bloody insurgency, however, created an opportunity for Portuguese policymakers. Years of economic development across Portuguese India and a deliberate policy of promoting an independent Portuguese-Indian identity strengthened Portugal’s claim to these territories, while deals signed with the US establishing an American naval base at Nova Goa and US protection over Portuguese India provided a strong deterrent. These gains were then solidified by deals with the Dravidian and Indian governments, which saw Portuguese sovereignty confirmed over Goa, Daman and Diu in return for Portugal ceding Dadra, Pani-Cola and Nagar-Haveli back to India, as well as the lending of strong military support to the Dravidians. Though there remains significant agitation across Portuguese India (now referred to as the Goa, Daman & Diu Province), Portuguese sovereignty over these increasingly productive and idyllic territories appears secure for the foreseeable future. What’s more, it is now not uncommon to see ethnic Indians roaming the streets of Continental Portugal as fully-fledged citizens. The long-desired union of Portugal to the Subcontinent finally appears complete. Macau: Macau is seen in the eyes of most as the crown jewel of Portugal’s Asian provinces. She is home to some of the most important banks in Asia and competes with Shanghai for the status of the financial capital of China. Not only that, but Macau competes with Bali, Jeju, Tokyo and Beijing for the most popular tourist destination in the Asian region, already being the destination of choice for the rich and famous, who flock to her many bars, casinos, prestigious restaurants and world-class designer fashion houses. The Macau of the 1980s is covered in stunning skyscrapers and jaw-dropping urban greenery. Indeed, the city boasts a population of nearly a million, with land reclamation projects having allowed for a vast expansion of the province’s urban domain. The city’s population includes tens of thousands of ethnic Portuguese residents, just as hundreds of thousands of ethnic Chiese now live in continental Portugal, being the second-largest ethnic minority community behind African migrants from Guinea, Mozambique and Angola, but ahead of Indian migrants from Goa. At any rate, just as Macau has in many ways become the financial and touristic centre of Asia, it has also become a centre for intrigue. The unsuccessful Chinese attempt to seize Macau by force in 1969, for example, only saw a further upgrade of the province’s military defences, with the permanent deployment of an extra submarine to Macau Habour alongside thousands of additional troops and another fighter squadron. Meanwhile, the ‘Bloody Game’ that started in the late 1950s between Portuguese and Chinese spies, local casino syndicates, corrupt local politicians and the four main triad groups continues to this day, with the southern portions of Macau city being known for violent crime and a dirty underworld. Indeed, it appears that the province is as vice-ridden as it is glamorous. Timor: A series of bilateral agreements in the 1950s saw Timor-Leste recognised as integral Portuguese territory by the Indonesians, just as the peninsula came under separate US/Australian/SEATO military protection, thus securing Portuguese rule over the territory indefinitely. Despite this, prohibitive travel times and ticket costs kept Timor physically isolated from the rest of the Portuguese Republic until the mid-1960s, when she suddenly gained access to far more state support as the African colonies achieved independence and international travel became easier. The Timor of the 1980s remains a quiet corner of the Portuguese world, although it has grown increasingly successful as a tourist and natural resource hub.
The former African colonies (Guinea, Angola, Cabinda and Mozambique):
Guinea: Having achieved her independence in 1965, the Guinean Republic maintained a slow but steady trajectory of economic development under close Portuguese supervision. Indeed, the nation remained remarkably stable throughout her first decades of independence, developing a fully-fledged democratic system over time which afforded it one of the highest standards of living among the continent’s independent states. Portugal’s close geographic proximity to Guinea, coupled with its near-identical struggle for democratic governance, has rendered the two nations close allies. Guinea remains the first port of call for Portuguese firms looking to establish a presence in Africa, with the nation functioning as the flagship model for Portuguese-African influence under the Silvestre Doctrine. Angola (and Cabinda): Though the Silvestre Doctrine had originally intended for the agricultural Ovimbundu people of Angola’s central plateau to dominate the Federal Angolan Republic post-independence (in a close alliance with the Portuguese), the unexpected strength of the rival Kimbundu people saw the two ethnic groups clash in a violent struggle for political power that lasted between 1964 and 1967. With Portuguese assets sustaining increasing damage during the bloody affair, Lisboa turned to its Kikongo allies in Angola’s north for assistance. United by its staunchly pro-Portuguese and anti-Communist leader from the nearby Ngbandi people of the then Belgian Congo, Mobutu Sese Seko, a powerful Kikongo army marched south and captured Luanda from the leftist Kimbundu militias. This placed Angola under the rule of Portugal’s Kikongo allies, who then turned to the Ovimbundu for additional political support, as well as the ethnic Portuguese and minority tribes of Angola’s south. Seko now rules Angola with an iron fist, using Portugal, the Ovimbundu, Portuguese-Angolans and the minority tribes to maintain power. His ties to Portuguese commercial interests have proven an immense asset for the Portuguese economy, which sees its manufacturing sector and domestic consumption fueled by cheap primary resource imports from Angola. Using his ethnic ties to the north, Seko became a major player in the war for Congolese independence, leveraging this assistance to become the political kingmaker in the newly-independent Republic of Zaire. This has resulted in Zaire effectively becoming a joint Luso-Angolan puppet state, with its government ministries littered with Portuguese and Angolan advisors, and the nation having joined the escudo africano monetary zone. Moreover, though it voted for independence in 1960, the Cabindan Republic was quickly subsumed into the Federal Angolan Republic as one of the conditions for an alliance between Seko’s Kikongo faction and the Portuguese. As a result, Luso-Angolan influence now runs from Luanda, past Zaire, into Cabinda and beyond towards the Republic of the Congo, making Angola one of the most powerful forces in the new Africa. Mozambique: The post-independence climate in the Mozambican Republic of 1965 resembled that of Angola at first. Rival ethnic groups clashed for power as election after election failed to yield clear results and cultural entities with little in common began to embrace armed struggle instead of the ballot. Unlike in Angola, however, Portugal was unable to salvage the situation and was forced to withdraw from the chaotic banana republic. Those ethnic Portuguese who had for centuries called Mozambique home largely fled to southern Angola or accepted government offers for free land in São Tomé & Príncipe, as Tanzanian-Arabian-backed Islamic militias fought for control in the north, and the African nationalist factions from the Shona tribes clashed with the leftist Shangaan in the south. Eventually, the Shona managed to secure national control, establishing a pan-African state under the dictatorial rule of Gondo Matombo. Without the support of sympathetic regimes in Rhodesia, Moscow or Beijing, the Free Nation of Mozambique is an isolated state. It maintains rivalries with Tanzania (as a result of Dodoma’s support for Salafist rebels in the north), North Rhodesia and Nyasaland (after the preceding Shangaan regime seized the Likoma and Chizumulu islands in 1966), South Africa and Rhodesia (for Mozambique’s support of radical pan-African insurgent groups) and Seko’s Angola (which obviously opposes the Matombo regime on ideological grounds). President Matombo’s chaotic economic policies have driven away foreign investors, while Mozambican civilians are organised en masse into autonomous units of the “African People’s Defence Militia” to defend against “Islamic subjugation, Boer segregation, Portuguese neocolonisation and the enslavement of the African people”. Sadly, it seems Mozambique’s violent decline managed only to produce the very worst kind of basket case dictatorship. A huge thanks to guyfromvault11 for being an amazing teammate, to the mods for a season well-run, and to all the other players for making this such an engaging season. I can’t wait for the next one!
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